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You are here: Home / Handwriting & Pre-Writing / Typical Pencil Grasp Development for Writing

Typical Pencil Grasp Development for Writing

September 28, 2010 By Heather Greutman 22 Comments

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Typical pencil grasp development for handwriting

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Proper pencil grasp development for writing starts a lot earlier than you think in children. From the time your child starts grasping for objects with their hands, they are developing pencil grasp.

If your child has ever received or been evaluated for Occupational Therapy, this is one thing that the therapist will be looking at when assessing their handwriting skills.

Typical pencil grasp development for handwriting

This post was last updated September 2017 with updated information on static/dynamic tripod grasps and references. 

 

Before we get started here are some term definitions that will help explain some of the hand grasps:

  • Radial – Thumb side of the hand
  • Digital – Finger or pinkie side of the hand; can also mean digits as in fingers
  • Palmar – Palm side, or inside part of the hand
  • Supinate –  Palm facing up or forwards
  • Pronate –  Palm facing down or backward

Typical Pencil Grasp Development in Kids

Let's start at the beginning. Again these are average ages ranges, every child is different. If you do suspect your child is behind in their development, please talk to your pediatrician or consult with your local Occupational Therapist.

Typical pencil grasp development for handwriting. Efficient grasps for handwriting.

Crude Palmar Grasp – 3-5 Months Old

  • By age 3.9 months your baby should be able to grasp a rattle or other objects.
  • By age 5.2 months they reach for objects with their whole arm using a crude palmar grasp (grabbing at objects with the pinkie side, or palmar side, of their hand. The thumb is not being used at this time.

Crude Palmar grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Palmar Grasp – 6 Months Old

Your child will start using their entire hand to grasp at objects, including some thumb movement. This is called a Palmar Grasp.

Palmar grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Radial Palmar Grasp – 7 Months Old

They will begin to involve the thumb and all fingers while using more of the thumb side of their hand to grab objects or using a radial palmar grasp.

Radial Palmar Grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Raking Grasp – 8 Months Old

By 8 months your child will start to use a raking type grasp. This involves bending (or flexing) the fingers to bring objects into the hand and closer to them.

Raking grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Radial Digital Grasp – 8-10 Months

Between 8-10 months old your child will start to perfect the pincer grasp using a Radial Digital Grasp & Inferior Pincer Grasp. A radial grasp refers to the fingers from the middle finger to thumb doing the grasping. As pictured, the child tends to use the pads of their fingers to grasp instead of the tips.

Radial digital grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Inferior Pincer & Pincer Grasp – 10 Months Old

By the age of 10.2 months, they should be able to use a thumb-finger grasp (pincer grasp). The difference between the Inferior Pincer Grasp and a regular Pincer grasp is all in the placement of the fingertips.

The index and thumb are used in for this grasp. If the pads of the fingers are holding the object, that is an Inferior Pincer Grasp. A true pincer grasp is using the tips of the pointer finger and thumb.

You may also see this referred to as the “Pincher” grasp, however, the correct spelling is “Pincer”.

Inferior pincer and pincer grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Palmar Supinate Grasp – 12-15 months old

At this age, a young toddler begins use a palmar supinate grasp. It is a fisted grasp with the thumb wrapped at the top of the writing utensil. This is usually accompanied by scribbling. This is considered a primitive grasp.

Palmar supinate grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Digital Pronate Grasp – 2-3 Years Old

By 2-3 years old, a child moves to a digital pronate grasp, pictured below. This is the beginning of an efficient looking hand grasp. The fingers are now pointed down towards the bottom of the writing utensil, however, all the fingers are being used along with a lot of whole arm movements. This is also a common grasp for self-feeding with utensils.

Digital pronate grasp, typical pencil grasp development in children.

Static Tripod and/or Quadrupod Grasp – 3-4 Years Old

By age 3 to 4 a child will switch to a static tripod grasp or quadrupod grasp. They hold the writing utensils crudely and use the whole pads of their fingers on the writing utensil. There also may still be some wrist and forearm movement to move the pencil, with the fingers not moving, or static. The static tripod grasp is a 3 finger grasp, two fingers pinching the writing utensil and the 3rd (middle) finger tucked to the side of the pencil, forming a tripod. The 4th and 5th fingers are usually static next to these fingers and do not tuck into the palm of the hand yet.

Static Tripod Grasp

A quadrupod grasp is also referred to as a 4 finger grasp, 3 fingers being on the pencil and then tucked on the 4th finger. It can also be static or dynamic. Dynamic is pictured below.

 

Quadrupod grasp for pencil grasp development. efficient grasp for handwriting.

Dynamic Tripod Grasp – 5-6 Years Old

By the time your child hits kindergarten, they will use the most mature grasp, the dynamic tripod/quadruped grasp. They will use the tips of their fingers on the writing utensil and also hold the crayon/pencil more at an angle than vertical. This is much like an adult grasp.

Their finger movements are also dynamic, which means they move back in forth without any forearm or minimal wrist movement (the arm will be resting on the table or writing surface instead of floating above). This grasp is also referred to as a 3-finger grasp, the first 2 fingers on the pencil while resting on the middle finger. The 4th and 5th fingers are tucked into the palm of the hand and help to stabilize the hand on the table.

Dynamic Tripod Grasp

Did You Know??

For a while, the tripod grasp was the only mature grasp to be considered an efficient grasp past the age of Kindergarten. However, an exception was made for the quadruped grasp since so many people and children use that type of grasp (myself included) and are able to print neatly and at a decent writing speed.

I always encourage a mature dynamic tripod grasp when working with my students, however, if they used a quadruped grasp consistently and are able to produce legible work and good letter formations when writing I consider their handwriting/pencil grasp goals met.

Be sure to talk to your child's therapist to see what type of pencil grasp they will be looking for in order to consider that goal met if your child has a pencil grasp goal in Occupational Therapy.

Again, these are average ages ranges and every child is different. However, this gives you a good idea of what to look for as your child starts to explore the wonderful world of writing.

If you would like to get printable cards of all these hand grasps, complete with descriptions and photos, you can check out my hand grasp development cards here. There is a digital and printed version available. They are great to have on hand in your classroom as you evaluate students. Or in your home or therapy sessions as a handy resource and reminder.

Typical Hand Grasp Development Cards,

References 

“From Rattles to Writing – A Parent's Guide to Hand Skills” – Barbara Smith, MS, OTR/L

“The Handwriting Book” – Functional Skills for Kids Pediatric Therapist Team

“Pencil Grip – A Descriptive Model and Four Empirical Studies.” – Ann-Sofie Selin, Masters in special education.

“The Fine Motor Olympics Manual” – Marcia P. Bridgeman

For more handwriting tips like this one, check out my Handwriting Pinterest board below.

Follow Heather | Growing Hands-On Kids's board Handwriting Tips and Activities on Pinterest.
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Pencil grasp development handout. A free printable for therapists, educators, and parents.

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The Handwriting Book - The Ultimate Guide to Handwriting for therapists, teachers, and parents.

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Filed Under: Handwriting & Pre-Writing Tagged With: Child Development, Fine Motor, For Parents, For Teachers, For Therapists, Writing Activities

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CONTENT DISCLAIMER: Heather Greutman is a Certified Occupational Therapy Assistant. All information on the Website is for informational purposes only and is not a replacement for medical advice from a physician or your pediatrician. Please consult with a medical professional if you suspect any medical or developmental issues with your child. The information on the Websites does not replace the relationship between therapist and client in a one-on-one treatment session with an individualized treatment plan based on their professional evaluation. The information provided on the Website is provided “as is” without any representations or warranties, express or implied. Do not rely on the information on the Website as an alternative to advice from your medical professional or healthcare provider. You should never delay seeking medical advice, disregard medical advice, or discontinue medical treatment as a result of any information provided on the Website. All medical information on the Website is for informational purposes only. All activities outlined on the Website are designed for completion with adult supervision. Please use your own judgment with your child and do not provide objects that could pose a choking hazard to young children. Never leave a child unattended during these activities. Please be aware of and follow all age recommendations on all products used in these activities. Growing Hands-On Kids is not liable for any injury when replicating any of the activities found on this blog. YOUR RESPONSIBILITY The Website was developed strictly for informational purposes. You understand and agree that you are fully responsible for your use of the information provided on the Website. Growing Hands-On Kids makes no representations, warranties or guarantees. You understand that results may vary from person to person. Growing Hands-On Kids assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions that may appear in the Website.

Comments

  1. Heather says

    January 6, 2014 at 10:14 pm

    Great post. I hadn’t heard that the quadruped grasp was now considered an acceptable grasp. I have one son who has been quite insistent on this grip despite my best efforts.

    I love the pictures the the timeline you provided for development.

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      January 6, 2014 at 11:40 pm

      Yes, Heather, on the Peabody Fine Motor Test I believe it is scored just slightly lower, but is considered within norms now. All of the OTs I worked with considered it an acceptable grasp as well. Which is good since I use that type of grasp myself, haha! 😉 Thanks so much for coming by and reading, it means a lot to me!

      Reply
      • Leyla Tomlinson says

        February 5, 2017 at 6:16 am

        Hi Heather,
        Thank you for interesting article.
        My daughter is 18months and consistently uses tripod grasp in her right hand. How unusual is this and do you know if it is indicative of anything else in her development?
        Kind regards
        Leyla

        Reply
  2. Blogger says

    February 19, 2014 at 11:16 pm

    Yep, I’m another who never got past the quadroped grasp! I didn’t know it ever wasn’t acceptable…lol. Although I do remember that teachers tried to change it, that’s just always what was most comfortable for me. I can hold my pencil and write the correct way, but it feels better and is faster the other way. I didn’t push things with my oldest and he was a little late with the pencil grasp, but then he got it just fine. I am being patient about it with my 4 year old as well 🙂 Thanks for sharing!

    Reply
  3. Heather Greutman says

    February 19, 2014 at 11:19 pm

    Haha, Hey Crystal! Thanks for coming by! Sounds like you are doing great with your little ones for handwriting. Yes, every child develops different. But if you try and force it too early that is NO fun for anyone!

    Reply
  4. crayonboxchronicles says

    February 20, 2014 at 1:18 pm

    Fantastic post! So informative, thank you! We’re working on this at home, so perfect timing for us. Thank you for sharing. Pinned.

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      February 20, 2014 at 10:33 pm

      Thank you for stopping by and pinning!

      Reply
  5. aimeefagan says

    February 22, 2014 at 7:24 am

    Thanks for this!

    Reply
  6. Renae M Eddy says

    February 24, 2014 at 2:15 pm

    Thank you for the specific details here, matched up with the developmental levels. It’s tempting to push kids with things like pencil grasp, so this is a good reminder of what can be reasonably expected.

    Renae

    Reply
  7. Emma @ P is for Preschooler says

    June 23, 2014 at 6:17 am

    I love the pictures – because I would have no idea what the terms meant otherwise! 😉

    Reply
  8. sharada says

    November 13, 2014 at 12:21 pm

    hi heather, loved your write up on pencil grasp. good read 🙂
    can i please borrow a few of your pictures for my presentation on fine motor skill development
    regards and thanks in anticipation
    sharada

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      November 13, 2014 at 1:24 pm

      Hi Sharada,

      Yes, you may use two (2) pictures as long as they are not edited in any way and you reference this post as the source. Thanks for asking and good luck with your presentation.

      Reply
  9. Kinnari Jigar Chitalia says

    October 3, 2016 at 9:38 am

    Pls help with the grip of my child …he is 10 yeras old…and the way he holds the pencilis not perfect…i am too much worried…pls help me out if possible…TIA

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      October 4, 2016 at 9:15 am

      Hi Kinnari, I am not really able to help with specific cases due to licensure law and my OTA license. However, I will say that age 10 is going to be hard to change a grasp because the habits have already been formed and it will be very hard to break. It also depends on if it is affecting his legibility or not with handwriting. If you have concerns, I would talk to your child’s physician or ask for an Occupational Therapy evaluation.

      Reply
  10. Noorizam Abdullah says

    December 7, 2016 at 10:17 pm

    Hi Heather, thank you very much for the knowledge. The information is very useful. Request permission to use the information for my sharing.

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      December 8, 2016 at 8:22 am

      Hi Noorizam, Thanks! Feel free to share the link to this post with anyone.

      Reply
  11. Beverley says

    March 26, 2017 at 1:06 am

    Thank you for this article. Found it most interesting and helpful.

    Reply
  12. jacqueline mifsud cremona says

    June 22, 2017 at 12:20 am

    My 13 year old daughter had a good pencil grasp until last year, when suddenly she started holding the pen between her 3rd and 4th fingers, saying it is much more comfortable and less tiring. She writes fast and neat but it drives me mad seeing her write!!!!! what can I do? I would appreciate if someone could help me….it is so difficult to convince a 13 year old!!!!!

    Reply
  13. Kathryn Mason, OTR/L says

    October 8, 2018 at 6:43 pm

    Your last photo supposedly shows a “4 finger”
    or quadrupod grasp from the palm side, but ring finger is not near the pencil. Also, it would be helpful to review the “index” grip, which forces all movement to originate at the wrist. This is like a palmar supinate grasp in terms of rotation, but the pencil is held by all fingertips opposing the thumb (with a open web space and no contact with the palm).I have a lot of kids with this grip. It must be changed to allow distal control.

    Reply
  14. Joy McCurry, OTR/L says

    June 11, 2020 at 9:17 am

    You have great photo’s of grasps. But the question is …Is it a quadrupod grasp? or as you referred to it as a quadruped grasp? Don’t mean to be technical but my OT coworkers and I have this ongoing discussion. We also call it a static tripod whenever only 3 fingers are involved even if the index and middle fingers are on the superior side.
    Also what do you think of this grip? BUSHIBU Children Pen Writing Aid Grip
    A few parents are raving about it.

    Reply
    • Heather Greutman says

      June 12, 2020 at 11:06 am

      Thanks for your questions and comment!

      If it is a 3-finger grasp (thumb and index on the pencil and resting on the middle finger), then yes, I would consider that a static tripod. The quadrupod grasp would be a 4-finger grasp (thumb, index, and middle finger on the pencil and resting on the 4th finger). Not sure if that helps any, but at least in my mind and based on the research I have done those are the differences. As with everything, I’m sure there are differing opinions on it.

      I am not familiar with the pencil grip you mentioned and have not used it so I’m afraid I can’t speak to it.

      Reply

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